Banka: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is on the campaign trail in a state election that could define the rest of his term, promising jobs and development in one of the country's most backward areas, while his party pushes a Hindu agenda.
Braving the scorching sun, thousands of men and women clad in bright shirts and saris trudged miles to Modi's campaign rally last week in the state of Bihar. Voting to the legislature in the state will start on October 12 and the result will be out on November 8.
Modi's message to nearly 100,000 people gathered near the banks of the sacred Ganges river was that only his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) could make one of India's poorest regions an industrial powerhouse like his home state of Gujarat.
"A BJP government in Bihar will help us work seamlessly to create jobs for the youth, look after our farmers and ensure overall development, which is the antidote to every single problem," Modi said, to rapturous applause.
However, pundits say a drubbing for the BJP may foment dissent in the party against Modi, while strengthening a hardline faction that believes the PM's economic programme loses votes and that he must push Hindu-first policies in Hindu majority, but multi-faith, India.
Eighteen months after the general election that swept him to power, anger in the countryside has already forced Modi to drop a policy to make it easier to take over farmland for industry and infrastructure - key to his economic plans.
And the 65-year-old's aura of electoral invincibility was dented when the upstart, anti-establishment Aam Aadmi Party crushed the BJP in Delhi in February.
"If Modi fails to redeem the lost ground by ensuring his party's victory in Bihar, his government's economic reform programme will take a back seat. He'll simply not have the gall to carry out these measures, especially the politically sensitive ones," said Saibal Gupta, secretary of the Asian Development Research Institute, a private think tank.
Modi plans 20 rallies in the next few weeks in Bihar, and the state's hotels are packed with party workers from all over the country.
While the PM takes the high ground promising jobs and growth, his party's campaign has now turned to religious polarisation, a road-tested method of uniting fractious Hindu castes behind the BJP.
Senior party leader Sushil Kumar Modi said if the BJP came to power in the state, it would impose a strict ban on killing cows. Emotions over the issue have been high after the lynching of a Muslim man in Dadri in Uttar Pradesh over rumours that he had stored beef at home.
Since Modi took over as the PM, several BJP states have tightened laws protecting cows.
Modi's main rival in the election, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, was a former ally of the BJP who is respected for cleaning up the state's crime-ridden politics and building up its infrastructure. But their personal political differences led to a break up of the alliance between the BJP and Kumar's Janata Dal-United in 2013. Kumar, known for his secular, left-of-centre politics, broke the partnership when Modi became the BJP's prime ministerial candidate.
POSSIBLE VIOLENCE
On the run-up to the election in Bihar, Nitish has alleged that the BJP is looking to create religious tensions in the state as tensions and sectarian clashes may lead to increased support for the BJP from the Hindus. 17% of the population in Bihar is Muslim, higher than the national figure of 14%.
Kumar's record of clean governance has taken a hit since he split with the BJP, not least because he has now partnered with a notorious veteran politician who has done prison time for corruption.
But for the state's religious minorities, Kumar's message is still preferable to that of Modi.
"We don't agree with the brand of politics that Modi and his party practice," said Muhammad Asgar, who lives in Dumrawah village, about 20 km (12 miles) from Banka, where Modi addressed the rally.
The BJP's message is two-fold. "We've only one agenda for Bihar. And the agenda is development," said the party's national general secretary Bhupendra Yadav.
But Sushil Kumar Modi said, "This election is a fight between those who eat beef and those want an effective ban on cow slaughter."
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