Clarksburg (Maryland): On a chilly Sunday morning in Clarksburg, a quiet American suburb, IT consultant Madhu Bellam scoured a spreadsheet with contact details for over 1,500 Indian voters.
He punched numbers into his phone and rang his hometown in Hyderabad. Bellam emigrated to the United States around two decades ago, and then renounced his Indian passport to become an American in 2011. He now runs his own tech consultancy.
But the 47-year-old, convinced that the ruling BJP will unlock India's economic potential, is part of an army of activists seeking to propel Prime Minister Narendra Modi to a second term in next year's general election.
"I am requesting you to vote for BJP and spread the word in the constituency," Bellam says in his phone calls to people in India whose numbers were provided to him by the party. He then extols Modi's policies, including his flagship Make in India plan.
Bellam and fellow BJP supporters also lobby their own networks in India, calling acquaintances, cousins and old schoolmates with the same message.
The US chapter of the Overseas Friends of the BJP has some 4,000 members, although its president Krishna Reddy estimates the broader network includes up to 300,000 supporters. Many cannot travel home to vote, so ardent BJP backers are channeling their energy into phone campaigns and a blitz of social media messages to people in India.
This kind of campaigning may only have a modest impact on the nearly 900 million voters in the country, where hot-button issues centre on jobs and farm.
Vijay Chauthaiwale, the head of the BJP's foreign affairs cell, said Modi supporters in 20 countries will be helping out in the campaign. Besides the United States, these include Britain, Canada, Australia and parts of Africa, where there are large Indian communities.
But Indian-Americans, who number around four million, have perhaps the most influence. As one of the most educated and prosperous minorities in the United States, the community is admired in India, an asset the BJP has seized on.
"They are shocked to be getting a call from the United States," Bellam said of the people he phones. "We call some rural people too. They look at us as very successful people, so that's the good thing for us to convince them. They think that we speak the truth."
US-based BJP supporters said they back Modi because they believe he is ushering in policies that will turn India, already the world's fastest-growing large economy, into a powerhouse.
But identity politics also help explain BJP success overseas. US-based supporters often have roots in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the ideological parent of the BJP. Also helping Modi, who governed Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, is the large Gujarati community in the United States.
Although Modi remains popular and is largely expected to win another five-year term, the 2019 election will likely be tougher, with some voters feeling let down by his campaign promise of "development for all".
But there is no indication that the enthusiasm of Modi's overseas supporters has waned.
From his sofa in Maryland, Bellam was trying to woo voters ahead of local elections this month, in which the BJP lost control of three major heartland states to the Congress. But he and other Modi supporters already have their sights set on the general election.
US supporters will likely make around 500,000 calls next year, according to Reddy, the president of the group. Members will target India's biggest states and their own hometowns, given they can campaign in the local language and have a good grasp of community issues.
Devesh Kapur, a political scientist at John Hopkins University who has written two books on Indian-Americans, said calls from the United States are unlikely to change voters' minds but they could help rally support. "My impression is that their effect is at the margin, and more on turnout rather than changing voting preferences per se," said Kapur.
Amid the buzz around the BJP abroad, the Congress is trying to drum up support from the diaspora, too.
During a tour of the United States last year, Congress president Rahul Gandhi praised immigrants as the "backbone" of India.
For the 2019 election, members are asked to support Congress on social media and speak to friends and family back home — but not to call voters, said Sam Pitroda, the chairman of the Indian Overseas Congress Department.
"I am not going to force you. I am not going to tell you: 'I'm great and successful, listen to me.' How can I tell some poor little farmer that I am successful?" said Pitroda, who was an adviser to then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in the 1980s and now lives in Chicago. "All you can tell them is: Do you believe in freedom? Do you believe in inclusion? Then the Congress party is the party you want to vote for."
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